The Jwaneng diamond mine is the richest diamond mine in the world and is located in south-central Botswana about 120 kilometers (75 miles) west of the city of Gaborone, in the Naledi river valley of the Kalahari. Jwaneng, meaning "a place of small stones", is owned by Debswana, a partnership between the De Beers company and the government of Botswana. It is the second newest of four mines operated by the company.

The Jwaneng pipe was discovered in 1972 by De Beers prospectors. In 1978 an agreement was signed between the Government of Botswana and De Beers to establish the mine, which was officially opened on 14 August 1982.
At present Jwaneng Mine contributes 60-70% of Debswana’s total earnings.

The richest diamond mine in the world, in 2008 Jwaneng produced 13.7 million carats from 15.7 million tonnes of ore. Production varies according to the mining plans of between approximately 12.5 to 15 million carats per year. 

Jwaneng is currently an open pit mine, but plans to move to an underground operation in 10 years. This will begin a new chapter at Jwaneng Mine, and extend the life of the operation by another 10-15 years.

The high rate of diamond extraction, combined with high quality diamonds fetching excellent per weight prices, make the Jwaneng diamond mine the richest diamond mine in the world by value of recovered diamonds.

Normally Jwaneng employs over 2,100 people. The mine also owns and operates a local hospital and Jwaneng Airport. The mine maintains an ISO 14001 certificate for environmental compliance, being the first mine in Botswana to achieve this certification in 2000. Jwaneng is known for its excellent safety record, winning multiple national and international safety awards.